Payroll Basics

How to Read a Pay Stub: Understanding Your Paycheck

The Formula

Gross Pay − Taxes − Deductions = Net Pay

Every pay stub follows this formula. Your gross pay (total earnings) minus mandatory taxes and voluntary deductions equals your net pay (what hits your bank account).

Over 50% of Americans don't regularly review their pay stubs, missing errors that could cost them hundreds or thousands per year. This guide walks you through every line on your paycheck.

Key sections on a pay stub

25-35%

Typical deduction from gross

6.2%

Social Security tax rate

1.45%

Medicare tax rate

Pay Stub Breakdown: Section by Section

A standard pay stub contains 8 key sections. Here's what each one means:

Employee Information

Employee Name & Address — Your legal name and mailing address on file with your employer

Employee ID / SSN (last 4) — Your employee ID number or last 4 digits of your Social Security Number

Pay Period — The date range this paycheck covers (e.g., 02/01/2026 - 02/14/2026)

Pay Date — The date the money was deposited or the check was issued

Employer Information

Company Name & Address — Your employer's legal business name and address

EIN (Employer ID Number) — The company's federal tax identification number

Earnings (Gross Pay)

Regular Hours / Rate — Your standard hours worked multiplied by your hourly rate (or salary equivalent)

Overtime Hours / Rate — Hours worked beyond 40/week at 1.5x your regular rate (federal law)

Holiday / PTO Pay — Paid time off, vacation, sick days, or holiday pay

Bonuses / Commissions — Any additional earnings like performance bonuses or sales commissions

Gross Pay Total — Sum of all earnings BEFORE any deductions—the most important number to verify

Taxes (Mandatory Deductions)

Federal Income Tax (FIT) — Based on your W-4 filing status and allowances. Ranges from 10-37% depending on income

Social Security (OASDI) — 6.2% of gross pay up to the annual wage base ($176,100 in 2026)

Medicare (MED / HI) — 1.45% of all gross pay. Additional 0.9% on earnings over $200,000

State Income Tax (SIT) — Varies by state (0-13.3%). Nine states have no state income tax

Local / City Tax — Some cities and counties charge additional income tax (e.g., NYC, Philadelphia)

Voluntary Deductions (Pre-Tax)

Health Insurance — Medical, dental, and vision premiums—usually deducted pre-tax

401(k) / 403(b) Contributions — Retirement plan contributions—deducted pre-tax, reducing your taxable income

HSA / FSA Contributions — Health Savings Account or Flexible Spending Account—pre-tax

Life / Disability Insurance — Employer-sponsored insurance premiums

Commuter Benefits — Pre-tax transit or parking deductions

Post-Tax Deductions

Roth 401(k) Contributions — Retirement contributions made with after-tax dollars

Wage Garnishments — Court-ordered deductions for child support, student loans, or debt

Union Dues — Membership fees for labor unions

Net Pay (Take-Home Pay)

Net Pay — Gross Pay minus ALL deductions. This is what hits your bank account

Payment Method — Direct deposit account info, or check number

Year-to-Date (YTD) Totals

YTD Gross Pay — Total earnings from January 1 to this pay period. Should match your W-2 at year end

YTD Taxes — Total federal, state, and local taxes withheld so far this year

YTD Deductions — Total pre-tax and post-tax deductions for the year

YTD Net Pay — Total take-home pay for the year

Real Pay Stub Calculation Example

Here's how a typical biweekly paycheck breaks down for someone earning $60,000/year:

Earnings

Regular Pay (80 hours × $28.85/hr)$2,307.69

Gross Pay$2,307.69

Taxes

Federal Income Tax (FIT)-$252.00

Social Security (OASDI) — 6.2%-$143.08

Medicare (MED) — 1.45%-$33.46

State Income Tax-$92.31

Deductions

Health Insurance (Medical)-$125.00

401(k) Contribution (6%)-$138.46

Dental Insurance-$18.00

Net Pay (Take-Home)$1,505.38

That's 65.2% of gross pay. The remaining 34.8% goes to taxes and deductions.

5 Common Pay Stub Errors to Watch For

Wrong hours logged

Underpaid for time worked. Check against your own records weekly.

Incorrect tax filing status

Too much or too little withheld. Update your W-4 if needed.

Missing overtime pay

Federal law requires 1.5x pay for hours over 40/week for non-exempt workers.

Wrong benefit deductions

Being charged for coverage you didn't elect, or missing coverage you chose.

YTD totals don't add up

Cumulative error compounding over multiple pay periods. Flag early.

Your Pay Stub Review Checklist

Use this checklist every pay period to verify your paycheck is correct:

Verify your hours match your own records (timesheets, clock-in records)

Confirm your pay rate hasn't changed unexpectedly

Check that overtime is calculated at 1.5x your regular rate

Verify federal and state tax withholding matches your W-4

Confirm benefit deductions match your enrollment elections

Check 401(k) contributions match your chosen percentage

Compare net pay to your actual bank deposit

Verify YTD totals are increasing correctly each period

Why Reading Your Pay Stub Matters

Catch Payroll Errors

The IRS estimates that 33% of employers make payroll errors. Regular review ensures you're not losing money to mistakes in hours, overtime, or deductions.

Tax Planning

Monitoring YTD tax withholding helps avoid a surprise tax bill (or overly large refund) in April. Adjust your W-4 mid-year if needed.

Loan & Rental Applications

Lenders and landlords scrutinize pay stubs. Understanding yours helps you anticipate questions and prepare for applications.

Retirement Tracking

Verify your 401(k) and HSA contributions match what you elected. Even small discrepancies compound into significant differences over years.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do I read my pay stub?

Start with your gross pay (total earnings before deductions), then review each deduction category: federal taxes, state taxes, Social Security, Medicare, and voluntary deductions like health insurance and 401(k). Subtract all deductions from gross pay to get your net pay (take-home amount). Check that the net pay matches your bank deposit.

What is the difference between gross pay and net pay?

Gross pay is your total earnings before any deductions—your salary rate times hours worked, plus overtime, bonuses, etc. Net pay is what you actually receive after subtracting all taxes (federal, state, Social Security, Medicare) and voluntary deductions (insurance, retirement). Net pay is always lower than gross pay.

What does YTD mean on a pay stub?

YTD stands for Year-to-Date. It's the running total of each category (earnings, taxes, deductions) from January 1 to the current pay period. Your YTD gross pay on your final pay stub of the year should closely match Box 1 on your W-2 form.

Why is my paycheck less than expected?

Common reasons include: federal and state income taxes (10-37%), Social Security tax (6.2%), Medicare tax (1.45%), health insurance premiums, retirement contributions, and any garnishments. These can easily reduce your take-home pay by 25-35% compared to gross pay.

What is OASDI on my pay stub?

OASDI stands for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance—it's the official name for Social Security tax. You pay 6.2% of your gross pay up to the annual wage base ($176,100 in 2026). Your employer matches this amount. It may also appear as 'SS' or 'Social Security' on your stub.

How often should I check my pay stub?

Check every pay period, especially if your hours vary. At minimum, review it when: you start a new job, get a raise, change your W-4, adjust benefit elections, or at the beginning of each year when tax rates and benefit premiums may change.

What should I do if I find an error on my pay stub?

Contact your employer's HR or payroll department immediately with specifics about the error. Keep copies of the incorrect pay stubs. Most payroll errors can be corrected on the next pay cycle. If your employer refuses to fix legitimate errors, you may file a wage complaint with your state labor department.